The Influence of Cloud Computing Services in GATS’ Enforcement
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cloud computing facilities have a cross-border scope that might set off international issues regarding different areas of law. As cloud computing raised from the idea of replacing the physical for the virtual, we must remain that every software needs hardware to operate, whether the second is imperceptible for cloud services’ users, and this makes the cloud of cross border nature. Cloud computing has tangible effects on enterprises and economics, and its characteristics enforce internet usage globally. Explicitly, this article will focus on the influence of cloud computing in an international trade system held by Word Trade Organization (WTO), and how it enforces the international trade system, specifically on the General Agreement of Trade and Services (GATS). This paper main objective is to understand how can cloud computing lead to the enforcement of the international trade system, specifically on the GATS. To address this question, the paper follows an economic analysis of the law with qualitative method of literature and case law analysis, particularly of WTO Us Gamblin. The key conclusion is that the cross-border nature of cloud computing services requires to create a new category in the WTO GATS.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
CESIÓN DE DERECHOS, DECLARACIÓN DE CONFLICTO DE INTERESES Y DIFUSIÓN
Los autores/as que publiquen en esta revista aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
- Los autores ceden a la Foro: Revista de Derecho, el derecho de la primera publicación. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica e impresa de la revista bajo una Licencia Creative Commons 4.0 de Reconocimiento No Comercial-Compartir Igual 4.0, que habilita a compartir, adaptar y atribuir el trabajo (ver: Políticas de acceso abierto).
- Ver información completa de cesión de derechos, declaración de conflicto de intereses y difusión, aquí
How to Cite
References
Books
Aalbers, Huibert. Una introducción al cloud computing. 2013.
Barnitzke, Benno, Marcelo Corrales Compagnucci, and Nikolaus Forgó. Aspectos legales de la computación en la nube: seguridad de datos y derechos de propiedad sobre los mismos. Buenos Aires: Editorial Albremática, 2012.
Hurwitz, Judith, Marcia Kaufman, and Fern Halper. Cloud Services For Dummies, IBM Limited Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012.
Joyanes Aguilar, Luis. Computación en la nube, estrategias de cloud computing en las empresas. Ciudad de México: Alfaomega, 2012.
Martin, James P., and Harry Cendrowski. Cloud Computing and Electronic Discovery. Wiley CIO Series 1. 2014.
Munin, Nellie. Legal Guide to GATS. Wolters Kluwer, 2010.
Téllez Valdés, Julio. Lex cloud computing: Estudio jurídico del cómputo en la nube en México. Ciudad de México: Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM, 2013.
Wang, Guiguo. Radiating Impact of WTO on Its Members’ Legal System: The Chinese Perspective. Hague: The Pocket Books of The Hague Academy of International Law, 2011.
WTO Secretariat. Guide to GATS, An Overview of Issues for Further Liberalization. Kluwer Law International, August 1, 2001.
Journal Articles
Berry, Renee, and Matthew Reisman. “Policy Challenges of Cross-Border Cloud Computing”. Journal of International Commerce and Economics 4 (2012).
Cruz Valencia, Katherin. “Historia del cloud computing”. Revista de Información, Tecnología y Sociedad (2012): 51-2.
Meltzer, Joshua. “The Internet, Cross-Border Data Flows and International Trade”. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 2, n.º 1 (2014): 90-102.
Silva, Alice Rocha da, and Filipe Rocha Martins Soares. “Conflitos entre regulações internas relativas à internet e o direito do comércio internacional: o papel da OMC perante o sistema de computação da nuvem”. Revista de Direito Internacional 14, n.º 1 (2017): 237-47. https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v14i1.4599.
Weber, Rolf, & Rainer Baisch. “Tensions between Developing and Traditional GATS Classifications in IT Markets”. Hong Kong Law Journal 43 (2013): 77-110.
Willemyns, Ines. “GATS classification of digital services does the Cloud have a silver lining?”. Journal of World Trade 53, n.º 1 (2018).
Reports
Cloud Security Alliance. Cloud Compliance Report. Asociación Española para el Fomento de la Seguridad de la Información, 2011. Available at http://tiny.cc/p7d3001.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Secretariat. Services Sectoral Classification List, MTN.GNS/W/120. Group of Negotiations on Services, July 10, 1991. Available at http://tiny.cc/t7d3001.
Hogan, Michael D., Fang Liu, Annie W. Sokol, and Tong Jin. “NIST-SP 500-291, NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap”. Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standards and Technology, August 11, 2011. Available at http://bit.ly/3PdxGt9.
Mell, Peter, and Timothy Grance. “NIST-SP 800-145, The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing”. Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011. Available at https://bit.ly/41VRSam.
UNCTAD. UNCTAD/DER/2021: The Digital Economy Report 2021, Cross-border data flows and development for whom the data flow. Official Report by UNCTAD, September 29, 2021.
UNCTAD. UNCTAD/DER/2024: Digital Economy Report, shaping an environmentally and sustainable future. Official Report by UNCTAD, July 10, 2024.
WTO Secretariat. “The Multilateral Trading System: Past, Present, and Future”. World Trade Organization, November 8, 2016. Available at http://tiny.cc/w7d3001.
Other Sources
Acuña, Adriana, and Eugenio Cordero. “Los contratos de shrinkwrap, clickwrap y browsewrap: un enfoque desde la perspectiva del derecho del consumidor”. Bachelor’s thesis, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2014.
Kommerskollegium. “How Bad is the Cloud?”. National Board of Trade, 2012.
Melaños Salazar, Carla. “Análisis de los riesgos técnicos y legales de la seguridad en cloud computing”. M.A. thesis, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 2013.
Novoa, Eugenia. “El derecho a la protección de datos de carácter personal ecuatoriano analizado a partir de la relación B2C (Business To Consumer) en la prestación de servicio de cloud computing: caso de política de privacidad de Dropbox”. Bachelor’s thesis, Universidad de las Américas, 2015.
Novoa, Eugenia. “El linking y el framing como elementos generadores de competencia desleal”. El Comercio, November 7, 2017, Quito.
Novoa, Eugenia. “Extraterritorial application of copyright regulations in Ecuador due to cloud computing services: terms of service of Twitter and YouTube”. Revista de Derecho (Universidad Católica Dámaso A. Larrañaga 26, Facultad de Derecho), December 1, 2022. https://doi.org/10.22235/rd26.2681.
Pérez San-José, Pablo, Cristina Gutiérrez Borge, Susana de la Fuente Rodríguez, Laura García Pérez, and Eduardo Álvarez Alonso. “Guía para empresas: seguridad y privacidad del cloud computing”. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías de la Comunicación, 2011.
Strickland, Jonatan. “How Cloud Computing Works”. HowStuffWorks, April 8, 2008. Available at https://bit.ly/4gxL4UJ.
Yok, Yolinda. “A law and development perspective on services liberalization in the Pacific Island countries with particular reference to tourism”. Thesis, University of Auckland, 2016. Available at https://apo.org.au/node/198986.
Cases
WTO Secretariat. “DS204”: Mexico - Measures Affecting Telecommunications Services. WTO Panel Report Circulated, June 1, 2004.
WTO Secretariat. “DS285”: United States - Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services. Panel Report Circulated, April 20, 2005.
WTO Secretariat. “DS285”: United States - Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services. Appellate Body Report, April 20, 2005.
Statutes
WTO. General Agreement on Tariffs and Services. 1867 U.N.T.S., April 15, 1994.